Nietzsche: theory of knowledge or epistemology
Revolt Against the Western Rational Tradition, on its way towards 2 worldwars

Philosophy of Creativity / Free Creativity / Nietzsche as a Teacher / Nietzsche and Common Sense / Teaching Nietzsche

2 youtube video with beautiful Nietzsche quotes: video1 video2


Menu

Intro 2x
Enlightenment
Nietsche Socrates
Superman.Don.Quixote
Life is Creativity
Paradigm Shift
Not dated at all

The work of Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900), defies the mind body split, the usual academic division of labor in abstract and narrative. Nietzsche was the most radical critic of Western philosophy and culture. For Friedrich Nietzsche the mind body split (thinking in terms of metaphysics and physics) is a cultural convention in the Western World. Nietzsche concluded that the strongest men are those that learned to trust their bodily intuition, and are not ruled by the conventions created by society.
Nietzsche wants us to accept the world in common sense way (as our senses perceive it to be) instead of being pawns in some (human made) logical model of reality. Nietzsche considers it as absurdity to expect the natural world to conform to an idealist standard, some herd morality.
Nietzsche is worried with how western society has created an artificial set of intuitions (western good-evil morality), and suppressed intuition. This set of morals has been passed throughout many western generations, which has made it acceptable as Truth.

Nietzsche's theory of knowledge 'attacks', a super perspective (God's View) of the world. Nietzsche writes in Human all too Human: [---] stricter logicians, after they had rigorously established the concept of the metaphysical as the concept of that which is unconditioned and consequently unconditioning, denied any connection between the unconditioned (the metaphysical world) and the world we are familiar with. So that the thing-in-itself does not appear in the world of appearances, and any conclusion about the former on the basis of the latter must be rejected. Henk Tuten: it is clear what Nietzsche thinks about the catholic and protestant notion 'dual nature of christ' and the 'mind-body split'.
Explicitly Friedrich Nietzsche left no theory of knowledge. That's a pity, someone who became so controversial and left colorful quotes like fireworks, must have had an important message. Nietzsche used 'common sense' and that way entirely undermined the 1500 years old catholic mind body split (met by Nietzsche in Lutheranism).

Friedrich Nietzsche distinguishes 'Four Great Errors'.
1. Mistaking cause for consequence. 2. A false causality
3. Imaginary causes (meta-physics). 4. Free Will (Nietzsche attacks Kant's notions 'natural law', 'will' and 'duty')














Nietzsche (intro end)

Nietzsche fights the western variant of dualism (The World of God = logic = 'natural law' and Physical Reality is organized chaos) as found in Catholicism/Protestantism since Thomas Aquinas (based on Aristotle). This dualism results in the Western good-evil thinking and in individualism. Nietzsche points to this kind of dualism as "childish." As some behavior is 'accepted' than the EFFECT is that rest behavior is not accepted. Nietzsche saw a general confusing of a priori cause and passive effect. Nietzsche rejected the ROMAN Christian dualism of sorting existence into two active opposites, with absolute 'good' and absolute 'bad'.

By over and over reading Nietsche's masterwork I extracted without much problem this summary of 'Also sprach Zarathustra', that gives a totally different feeling about the young professor Friedrich Nietzsche who while dying wrote an ethics based on common sense of biblical proportions, disguised as a satire. Nietzsche agreed with his teacher Schopenhauer that life is Will, but fought zombie behavior (addicted Will, drugged by abstract Ideas). Western history abruptly rediscovers the common sense of Nietzsche in a recession and accompanying Paradigm Shift. Why not make a movie like a last fireworks for this 'explosive' ethical thinker.

Much later in WWII an abstract harness strengthened by cleverly used mass media addicted many Germans into behaving like grey zombies and to become Nazi. The Nazis had already trained total annihilation in the Basque town Guernica, when assisting Franco during the Spanish Civil War (this left progressive Spain and especially Basque Spain with a HUGE trauma). Nazism was already analyzed by the Frankfurt School in the US.
The Nazis saw superiority 'thinking' in Nietsche's writings, Nietzsche would have considered Nazism as creativity killing (total absolutism).










Nietzsche and Common Sense

In his masterwork "Also Sprach Zarathustra" Friedrich Nietzsche shows to be strongly influenced by Farsi 'common sense' (Farsi or Parsi is ancient Iranian belief Zoroastrianism [started by Zoroaster/Zarathustra] fled to India and Tibet). In China known as The Early Church, basis for Cha'n Buddhism. A severely endangered belief (common sense). IF the thoughts of Nietzsche were inspired by Farsi common sense, then it's without any doubt necessary to save the wisdom stored in this culture. Then the thoughts of Nietzsche are closely related to those of Buddha and to the thinking of the Tibetan Dalai Lama. A philosophy of happiness, on all sides endangered by agressive rationality.


There is a 'deep' similarity between the ideology of Nietzsche and that of Buddhism. Nietzsche certainly was interested in early Buddhism. More can not be proven.


'The teacher' Nietzsche between the lines mentions the following common sense borders :

1) knowledge (however complex) is locally accepted human behavior and cultural

2) curiosity is meant to research new behavior

3) above cultural level behavior is relative (terrorists in culture1 might be freedom fighters in culture2)

4) human evolution 'prefers' FREE and generous knowledge over vanity/egoism/death

5) Intelligence as research behavior needs Ethical limits. Specific within cultures (thou shalt not kill), guidelines for all cultures (honor all life).

In 1 Nietzsche says that any ethics (logic) makes only sense to its own users, and he denies 'universal' ethics. That's why rationalist 'pur sang' Bertrand Russell hates Nietzsche (see youtube video)












Between Enlightenment and Nietzsche

The romantic reaction to Enlightenment stressed (3) free creativity, but also (1) the self [liberty], (2) individual fantasy [pure reason].
A counterbalance for the paradoxal 'objectivity' in Rationalism and Empiricism. Confusing is the value given to the self. In nature the whole is important, never the individual.

Menu

Intro
Enlightenment
Nietsche Socrates
Superman.Don.Quixote
Life is Creativity
Paradigm Shift
Not dated at all

The most famous thinker in the Romantic area was Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832). Goethe gave us brilliant common sense quotes, like:
A creation of importance can only be produced when its author isolates himself
A really great talent finds its happiness in execution.
Common sense is the genius of humanity.
Few people have the imagination for reality.



The notions 'objective' and 'subjective' are 'rational' INVENTIONS of Immanuel Kant, coming from his idea that human beings do not see the world directly, but through categories (his Christian fantasies). In fact EVERY sense experience is 'objective' (seen from personal viewpoint), and 'subjective' (seen in cultural way). Kant caused 'Idealism'; the belief that what we call the "external world" is somehow created by our minds.
But anyway the mechanical views dominant in Enlightenment left little room for creativity, and triggered reaction 'Romanticism'

(1) Individualism: Rousseau (Man is born free).
(2) Kant clone: Hegel (The Real is the Rational and the Rational is the Real )
(3) 'Real' alternative: Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) Schopenhauer thought that the ultimate reality is not Geist, but will. Schopenhauer was teacher of young Friedrich Nietzsche. And a succesful teacher .., only Nietzsche was considered threatening by the religious and capitalist part of his 'victims'. Especialy fundamental Lutheranism Nietzsche knew intimately (English people might think of 'Pietism') . Friedrich Nietzsche grew up in the house of a Lutheran minister (his father). In these suffocating surroundings his strong willpower and huge sense of humor made him a feared freethinker. Especially feared in the rich protestant circles that he was born in.
Nietzsche in fact said that Lutheran ministers were the godfathers of German philosophy










Nietzsche and Socrates

Menu

Intro
Enlightenment
Nietsche Socrates
Superman.Don.Quixote
Life is Creativity
Paradigm Shift
Not dated at all

Nietzsche fiercely attacked Socrates, but I think what he attacked was the notion 'reason' as introduced by Aristotle.
Realize: in Nietzsche's time ancient Greek history (following the transition from common sense guys like Socrates and Plato to a murderously ambitious fantast like Aristotle) was seriously twisted.
Socrates meant with 'reason' open debate. Aristoteles meant using abstract mind models, that follow 'natural law'. Nietzsche must have valued the 'reason' of Socrates in the Aristotelian way.

Socrates was executed because he stayed in Athens under 'the dirty thirty' during the Pelepponesian war.
Socrates might have had other reasons too, but Socrates obviously saw leadership as being there were the trouble is.
Opinion about Socrates for a long time interpreted this as treason.

The 'reason' of Socrates: Making consistent use of debate as way of questioning.
The 'reason' of Aristoteles: Following 'natural law' (the universe = god).

Nietzsche was mislead by his fellow scientists interpreting the word 'reason' in Aristotelian way.
Aristoteles said something like (latin translation): we must acquire, through proper upbringing and habits, the ability to see, on each occasion, which course of action is best supported by reason. But to do so Aristoteles presumes 'understanding', and this he defines in metaphysical way. So his practical wisdom is first abstract (god-like), then empirical.
In Aristotle's writings 'higher understanding', necessary to value experience, is seen as 'given by God'.
That would be OK is god is seen as DNA, but Aristoteles' structure of the Universe (god) is much more 'cultural' (Nicomachean Ethics).
Henk Tuten: it feels as if Aristotle seriously underestimated the cultural influence in his views.













Superman and Don Quixote Nietzsche

Zarathustra (Nietzsche) observed that dogma's replaced personal intelligence, and are used as absolute truth. He also noticed  that especially in western towns real creativity and common sense was disappearing. That lead to a world full of bureaucracy and vanity, in fact a frustrating place to be. He nevertheless decides to start the superhuman fight for real human common sense values as found natural ethics


Menu

Intro
Enlightenment
Nietsche Socrates
Superman.Don.Quixote
Life is Creativity
Paradigm Shift
Not dated at all

Like later Ludwig Wittgenstein and Thomas Kuhn in their theories, Nietzsche chose without any doubt for relative knowledge like is subject of discussion in the Popper-Kuhn controverse. As its greatest threat Friedrich Nietzsche saw dogma's in any shape. That's why he fanatically fights religion (mind that means NOT that he disrespected believing) and state-bureaucracy, because those were in his time the most noticeable shapes of absolute truth. Ludwig Wittgenstein later gave up the fight to start a respectful life in rural Norway. Thomas Kuhn realized the job for him was too big, and didn't even start fighting.


Nietzsche was a brilliant common sense thinker, but because he was a not above average author his writings were often misunderstood. On close reading one notices that in his rhetoric language he makes beautiful cartoon-like descriptions of presumptuous enemies of knowledge. But way too lengthy and far too many, and because of that few really read his tedious biblical satire about dogma. And even then most of them skiff the text. Something else is that both Christian religion and the then emerging states were quite powerful. In practice Nietzsche was born at least an age too early, and his objects of anger were more stealthy and had more might than even he may have thought.




That made Superman Zarathustra more like a Don Quixote, in an unequal fight. Nietzsche was too much acknowledged as a genius to ignore completely, but his common sense teachings met heavy resistance in 'rational' toplayers of 'philosophy' and 'politics'. Friedrich Nietzsche was ready to be a cultural guide for 'rational herds', but all he got was an obscure place in a 'rationalized' history. His spiritual leadership was considered as mind terrorism and only kept alive by some wondering philosophers, and egoistic right wing politicians. Robin Hood is still remembered as defender of the poor (although that was not his main fight), but Nietzsche in general isn't remembered at all. If at present you look on Internet for 'Also sprach Zarathustra' then you'll find more information about the musical symphony of Richard Strauss bearing this name than about philosophy.












Life is Creativity

professor on a pedastal as lighting example

Nietzsche cherished personal creativity (in fact experience expressed as variance) . He realized though that blearning from the experience of teachers has its limits. At some point students should go their own way. Teachers should realize that in the end growth is personal, otherwise teacchers become without doubt objects of worship (gods). That' what Nietzsche saw happening in religion.
According to Nietzsche religions have many good sides, but religious teachers too much want others to suffer themselves. But surely Nietzsche recognizes the collective aspect of religion as an essential basic force. It only shouldn't result in the absolute situation of students are punished for original behavior and are forced to become clones of teacher-priests. Ceremonies were main result of Christian religion, while Buddhism gave practical advise how to live. In Christianity Masters became more like only examples, but blueprints for life. This results in a relative  standstill, progress is still made but only based on the same holy principles (endless cut and paste).

Being generous with your experience is a must, but be sure to leave your students when the time is ripe. Don't hinder them in their personal growth.
This is what Nietzsche meant when writing in the foreword of Ecce Homo: The man of knowledge must be able not only to love his enemies (henk tuten:collectivism) but also to hate his friends (henk tuten: individualism). It was his way of saying that individualism and collectivism should be in balance


Often Nietzsche in Christian Science was described as a devil, and at present he still raises strong emotions. But Giambattista Vico as first serious 'attacker' of rationalism in 1744 was really treated as a devil and actively ignored completely to die anonimously.



Menu

Intro
Enlightenment
Nietsche Socrates
Superman.Don.Quixote
Life is Creativity
Paradigm Shift
Not dated at all

Nietzsche's unwritten theory of knowledge was brilliantly formalized by the elder Wittgenstein in his masterwork Philosophical Investigations' (but lost in the bray of sometimes remarkable thoughts). The 'Closed Circle' part of those thoughts was soon extended by Thomas Kuhn to lead to his theory of paradigm shifts. So maybe Nietzsche's influence was not completely lost, because with or without his help a thread of his thoughts stayed alive. Indeed Nietzsche was more like a warrior in his fight against dogmatic thinking. Maybe his spiritual heirs were more subtle, and therefore had more influence.

Wittgenstein was acknowledged as a language genius, and 'The structure of scientific revolutions' by Thomas Kuhn was recognized as a milestone. But in practice not much changed. The world is full of dogma's, existence for most people is 'gray'. And undeniably there's a lot of vanity.









The Inevitable Paradigm Shift

Still evolution has it ways to force a paradigm shift. In the past often Ice Ages served as a breakthrough. That could mean starting all over again, but evolution is patient and a one-way road remains a dead alley.


Nietzsche didn't like Kant, because probably he recognized Immanuel Kant as one of the very few great minds. But one that instead of stopping the since Enlightenment developing rationalism of Descartes , aided in making it accepted. Rationalism brought us the ideas of Karl Marx and Darwin.
That gave us Capitalism/Communism and 'The Law of the Fittest'. Nietzsche was perplexed by the egoism behind 'The Law of the Fittest'.
In Nietzsche's view, instead of seeking compromise with his hero Hume, Kant ought not to have mystified abstract thinking in the crooked compromise 'rational thought'. He should have shown 'guts' and should have fought like a lion for an own cage for abstract thinking.
And Kant in his Prologemena showed to underestimate the ENORMOUS dangers of abstract thinking not limited by a robust ethical 'cage'.
But what he did was releasing the mind tiger 'rational thought', disguised as a harmless white rabbit.
Very soon this 'mind predator' caught the unsuspecting influential preys Marx and Darwin.
Fighting would have resulted in a motivated opinion about the similar (absolute) 'a priori' behind rationalism and empiricism. It would have prevented the both brilliant Marx and Darwin being made to mighty zombies by the stealthy predator 'rational thought'. Nietzsche unwillingly proved is that it is very well possible to enter and leave rational space, be a genial ghost hunter and be mainly unnoticed.
It made him rightfully observe in his work The Gay Science that all really exceptional men first were considered to be evil. Acceptance needs avoiding being controversial.

Already in 1908 (!) the in Baltimore born critical journalist Henry Louis Mencken wrote that the following EASILY could be extracted fom the thinking of Nietzsche. He probably had a lot more 'common sense' than present US leaders. [in my own words]:

1. All beings in reality want to live (will to power)
2. Morality is ethics in shape of Laws.
3. Such laws are man-made and mutable
4. The human will to power shaped in Laws separated humans more and more from being just 'animals'.
5. Any morality after change of condition slows down progress.
6. Gods and Religions are there to protect moral codes against change.
7. All the ideas of such gods and religions are enemies of life (Zarah2nd: I.e. they kill the creative mutations of selection virus 'evolution')
8. Human rulers should reject all gods and religions and trust the moods produced by intuition.

Mencken also wrote that rational thinking seemed to obscure the DIRECT message in Nietzsche's common sense words.
Nietzsche had left the Western ideas of individual freedom, individual rights, rational equality, nationalism and patriotism. They turned out to be wishful thinking. That was HARD to digest for his contemporaries. Even Fjodor Dostojevski worried: If God does not exist, doesn't that mean everything is allowed? Dostojevski must have meant: Without Gods, no Ethics. But Gods only hinder the respecting of man-made rules
(Zarah2nd: Dostoyevsky was raised in a home of 'spirit believers', and all his life struggled with the idea 'God').







Not dated at all

Afterward two world wars only added more 'fog'. In 2005 to me when 'diving' into it the language of Nietzsche is not dated at all. Even quite 'clear' when reading with common sense. When read rationally and seeking for rational messages between the lines, THEN even using dictionaries for more rational interpretations won't help.

Ethical Laws (common sense in rules) only in Hebrew OT times were believed to be made by Gods. And Jesus already protested that the Pharisees made a caricature of common sense.
The magnificent 'fireworks' of Nietzsche where in the Western World very reassuringly considered as 'pagan' frustration.
Sometimes called 'Satanism'. When you realize that in fact Satanism is a very peaceful relative religion, only realizing that you need BOTH Gods and Devils, that's even not that wrong.
If industrialism promises a future of wealth, who worries about ethics? Let's go on with power thinking resulting in killing Africans, Red Indians, etc. It's only a matter of faking good reasons
One word about Nietzsche's supposed nihilism (complete denial of all established authority and institutions). Just read his "Also Sprach Zarathustra" to find that this is just another misleading MYTH. He opposed authority without wisdom, and in his main work Also sprach Zarathustra brilliantly 'dismantled' the arrogance of some 'leading classes'.

Friedrich Nietzsche honestly admired the skills archived and educated by religions. He also knew that sooner or later any religion becomes fundamental. And 'rationalism' end of Enlightenment made the 'liberal' money loving part of Roman Christianity race across that point. Because the prime basic of ROMAN Christianity is not based on sense experience, but on the originally Aristotelian fantasy mind-body split (Hellenist Greek), or the belief in 'spirits'.
.
The One: Friedrich Nietzsche was misunderstood in his time, but the 21st century Israel Palestine Conflict shows that he made sense when considering Roman Christianity as a 'fossilized' religion. It is a ROMAN variant of Zoroastrian Christianity, with as basis the pro slavery 'animism' of Aristotle combined with the Pharisee View of the very agressive Israelian Hebrew religion.
A seeming paradox because humans need rules to survive (religions in any shape), and also for survival at certain moment need to leave those religions.
Religions need an 'ejection seat', to escape before the point of no return.


Friedrich Nietzsche used all his willpower to get man out of a 'ruin' on the way to a 'paradise'. That's the maximum any man can do.
Somehow Nietzsche couldn't forget his hopes. Frustration because of failing to reach his 'high' own goals seems to make him sarcastic.
The One: When he had been born in Asia, then Nietzsche might have been recognized as succesor of Zarathustra, Buddha and Jesus. He would then have received the respect and the means to restructure ethics.
Friedrich Nietzsche had talents that made him a superb spiritual guide, but very positive Nietzsche possibly overestimated the possibility of the average human to be a 'superman, and inherently still underestimated the role of COLLECTIVE respect pushing some members of the collective into the RESPONSIBILITY of leadership. Surprisingly even the very self assured Nietzsche still was way too modest, already stealthily too much spoiled by Western ideas about individual equality (or Western Democracy).
Nietzsche used the word 'willpower, when referring to desires (talents). The effect of 'desires' is 'biggest' when enjoyed in such a way that others have fun too.

The Paradigm Shift back to Common Sense of the 21st century is for 50% prepared by Friedrich Nietzsche

Henk Tuten, March 2003 - updated till present










most pictures on the websites of Henk Tuten

Web Analytics