Nietzsche: theory of knowledge or epistemologyRevolt Against the Western Rational Tradition, on its way towards 2 worldwars Philosophy of Creativity / Free Creativity / Nietzsche as a Teacher / Nietzsche and Common Sense / Teaching Nietzsche
Nietzsche wants us to accept the world in common sense way (as our senses perceive it to be) instead of being pawns in some (human made) logical model of reality. Nietzsche considers it as absurdity to expect the natural world to conform to an idealist standard, some herd morality. Nietzsche is worried with how western society has created an artificial set of intuitions (western good-evil morality), and suppressed intuition. This set of morals has been passed throughout many western generations, which has made it acceptable as Truth. Nietzsche's theory of knowledge 'attacks', a super perspective (God's View) of the world. Nietzsche writes in Human all too Human: [---] stricter logicians, after they had rigorously established the concept of the metaphysical as the concept of that which is unconditioned and consequently unconditioning, denied any connection between the unconditioned (the metaphysical world) and the world we are familiar with. So that the thing-in-itself does not appear in the world of appearances, and any conclusion about the former on the basis of the latter must be rejected. Henk Tuten: it is clear what Nietzsche thinks about the catholic and protestant notion 'dual nature of christ' and the 'mind-body split'. Explicitly Friedrich Nietzsche left no theory of knowledge. That's a pity, someone who became so controversial and left colorful quotes like fireworks, must have had an important message. Nietzsche used 'common sense' and that way entirely undermined the 1500 years old catholic mind body split (met by Nietzsche in Lutheranism). 1. Mistaking cause for consequence. 2. A false causality 3. Imaginary causes (meta-physics). 4. Free Will (Nietzsche attacks Kant's notions 'natural law', 'will' and 'duty') Nietzsche (intro end) Nietzsche fights the western variant of dualism (The World of God = logic = 'natural law' and Physical Reality is organized chaos) as found in Catholicism/Protestantism since Thomas Aquinas (based on Aristotle). This dualism results in the Western good-evil thinking and in individualism. Nietzsche points to this kind of dualism as "childish." As some behavior is 'accepted' than the EFFECT is that rest behavior is not accepted. Nietzsche saw a general confusing of a priori cause and passive effect. Nietzsche rejected the ROMAN Christian dualism of sorting existence into two active opposites, with absolute 'good' and absolute 'bad'. By over and over reading Nietsche's masterwork I extracted without much problem this summary of 'Also sprach Zarathustra', that gives a totally different feeling about the young professor Friedrich Nietzsche who while dying wrote an ethics based on common sense of biblical proportions, disguised as a satire. Nietzsche agreed with his teacher Schopenhauer that life is Will, but fought zombie behavior (addicted Will, drugged by abstract Ideas). Western history abruptly rediscovers the common sense of Nietzsche in a recession and accompanying Paradigm Shift. Why not make a movie like a last fireworks for this 'explosive' ethical thinker. Much later in WWII an abstract harness strengthened by cleverly used mass media addicted many Germans into behaving like grey zombies and to become Nazi. The Nazis had already trained total annihilation in the Basque town Guernica, when assisting Franco during the Spanish Civil War (this left progressive Spain and especially Basque Spain with a HUGE trauma). Nazism was already analyzed by the Frankfurt School in the US. The Nazis saw superiority 'thinking' in Nietsche's writings, Nietzsche would have considered Nazism as creativity killing (total absolutism). Nietzsche and Common Sense
In his masterwork "Also Sprach Zarathustra" Friedrich Nietzsche shows to be strongly influenced by Farsi 'common sense' (Farsi or Parsi is ancient Iranian belief Zoroastrianism [started by Zoroaster/Zarathustra] fled to India and Tibet). In China known as The Early Church, basis for Cha'n Buddhism. A severely endangered belief (common sense). IF the thoughts of Nietzsche were inspired by Farsi common sense, then it's without any doubt necessary to save the wisdom stored in this culture. Then the thoughts of Nietzsche are closely related to those of Buddha and to the thinking of the Tibetan Dalai Lama. A philosophy of happiness, on all sides endangered by agressive rationality.
'The teacher' Nietzsche between the lines mentions the following common sense borders :
Between Enlightenment and Nietzsche
A creation of importance can only be produced when its author isolates himself A really great talent finds its happiness in execution. Common sense is the genius of humanity. Few people have the imagination for reality. The notions 'objective' and 'subjective' are 'rational' INVENTIONS of Immanuel Kant, coming from his idea that human beings do not see the world directly, but through categories (his Christian fantasies). In fact EVERY sense experience is 'objective' (seen from personal viewpoint), and 'subjective' (seen in cultural way). Kant caused 'Idealism'; the belief that what we call the "external world" is somehow created by our minds. But anyway the mechanical views dominant in Enlightenment left little room for creativity, and triggered reaction 'Romanticism' (1) Individualism: Rousseau (Man is born free). (2) Kant clone: Hegel (The Real is the Rational and the Rational is the Real ) (3) 'Real' alternative: Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) Schopenhauer thought that the ultimate reality is not Geist, but will. Schopenhauer was teacher of young Friedrich Nietzsche. And a succesful teacher .., only Nietzsche was considered threatening by the religious and capitalist part of his 'victims'. Especialy fundamental Lutheranism Nietzsche knew intimately (English people might think of 'Pietism') . Friedrich Nietzsche grew up in the house of a Lutheran minister (his father). In these suffocating surroundings his strong willpower and huge sense of humor made him a feared freethinker. Especially feared in the rich protestant circles that he was born in. Nietzsche in fact said that Lutheran ministers were the godfathers of German philosophy Nietzsche and Socrates
Realize: in Nietzsche's time ancient Greek history (following the transition from common sense guys like Socrates and Plato to a murderously ambitious fantast like Aristotle) was seriously twisted. Socrates meant with 'reason' open debate. Aristoteles meant using abstract mind models, that follow 'natural law'. Nietzsche must have valued the 'reason' of Socrates in the Aristotelian way. Socrates was executed because he stayed in Athens under 'the dirty thirty' during the Pelepponesian war. Socrates might have had other reasons too, but Socrates obviously saw leadership as being there were the trouble is. Opinion about Socrates for a long time interpreted this as treason. The 'reason' of Socrates: Making consistent use of debate as way of questioning. The 'reason' of Aristoteles: Following 'natural law' (the universe = god). Nietzsche was mislead by his fellow scientists interpreting the word 'reason' in Aristotelian way. Aristoteles said something like (latin translation): we must acquire, through proper upbringing and habits, the ability to see, on each occasion, which course of action is best supported by reason. But to do so Aristoteles presumes 'understanding', and this he defines in metaphysical way. So his practical wisdom is first abstract (god-like), then empirical. In Aristotle's writings 'higher understanding', necessary to value experience, is seen as 'given by God'. That would be OK is god is seen as DNA, but Aristoteles' structure of the Universe (god) is much more 'cultural' (Nicomachean Ethics). Henk Tuten: it feels as if Aristotle seriously underestimated the cultural influence in his views. Superman and Don Quixote Nietzsche Zarathustra (Nietzsche) observed that dogma's replaced personal intelligence, and are used as absolute truth. He also noticed that especially in western towns real creativity and common sense was disappearing. That lead to a world full of bureaucracy and vanity, in fact a frustrating place to be. He nevertheless decides to start the superhuman fight for real human common sense values as found natural ethics
Like later Ludwig Wittgenstein and Thomas Kuhn in their theories, Nietzsche chose without any doubt for relative knowledge like is subject of discussion in the Popper-Kuhn controverse. As its greatest threat Friedrich Nietzsche saw dogma's in any shape. That's why he fanatically fights religion (mind that means NOT that he disrespected believing) and state-bureaucracy, because those were in his time the most noticeable shapes of absolute truth. Ludwig Wittgenstein later gave up the fight to start a respectful life in rural Norway. Thomas Kuhn realized the job for him was too big, and didn't even start fighting. Nietzsche was a brilliant common sense thinker, but because he was a not above average author his writings were often misunderstood. On close reading one notices that in his rhetoric language he makes beautiful cartoon-like descriptions of presumptuous enemies of knowledge. But way too lengthy and far too many, and because of that few really read his tedious biblical satire about dogma. And even then most of them skiff the text. Something else is that both Christian religion and the then emerging states were quite powerful. In practice Nietzsche was born at least an age too early, and his objects of anger were more stealthy and had more might than even he may have thought.
That made Superman Zarathustra more like a Don Quixote, in an unequal fight. Nietzsche was too much acknowledged as a genius to ignore completely, but his common sense teachings met heavy resistance in 'rational' toplayers of 'philosophy' and 'politics'. Friedrich Nietzsche was ready to be a cultural guide for 'rational herds', but all he got was an obscure place in a 'rationalized' history. His spiritual leadership was considered as mind terrorism and only kept alive by some wondering philosophers, and egoistic right wing politicians. Robin Hood is still remembered as defender of the poor (although that was not his main fight), but Nietzsche in general isn't remembered at all. If at present you look on Internet for 'Also sprach Zarathustra' then you'll find more information about the musical symphony of Richard Strauss bearing this name than about philosophy. Life is Creativity
Nietzsche
cherished personal creativity (in fact experience expressed as variance) . He realized though that blearning from the experience of teachers has its limits. At
some point students should go their own way. Teachers should realize that in the end
growth is personal, otherwise teacchers become without doubt objects of worship
(gods). That' what Nietzsche saw happening in religion. Being
generous with your experience is a must, but be sure to leave your students when
the time is ripe. Don't hinder them in their personal growth. Often Nietzsche in Christian Science was described as a devil, and at present he still raises strong emotions. But Giambattista Vico as first serious 'attacker' of rationalism in 1744 was really treated as a devil and actively ignored completely to die anonimously.
Nietzsche's unwritten theory of knowledge was brilliantly formalized by the elder Wittgenstein in his masterwork Philosophical Investigations' (but lost in the bray of sometimes remarkable thoughts). The 'Closed Circle' part of those thoughts was soon extended by Thomas Kuhn to lead to his theory of paradigm shifts. So maybe Nietzsche's influence was not completely lost, because with or without his help a thread of his thoughts stayed alive. Indeed Nietzsche was more like a warrior in his fight against dogmatic thinking. Maybe his spiritual heirs were more subtle, and therefore had more influence. Wittgenstein was acknowledged as a language genius, and 'The structure of scientific revolutions' by Thomas Kuhn was recognized as a milestone. But in practice not much changed. The world is full of dogma's, existence for most people is 'gray'. And undeniably there's a lot of vanity. The Inevitable Paradigm Shift Still evolution has it ways to force a paradigm shift. In the past often Ice Ages served as a breakthrough. That could mean starting all over again, but evolution is patient and a one-way road remains a dead alley.
Not dated at all
Henk Tuten, March 2003 - updated till present most pictures on the websites of Henk Tuten ![]() ![]() |